This
time i want to introduce about linguistics based on the articles I've read 🙂🙂
Menurut apa
yang sudah saya baca, Linguistics itu mempelajari tentang ilmu bahasa dan
bagaimana cara mengaplikasikannya.
Jujur saya
kurang pandai dalam hal menulis😂😂 so you can just read and give input for my writing😂😂
What
is Linguistics?
Each human
language is a complex of knowledge and abilities enabling speakers of the
language to communicate with each other, to express ideas, hypotheses,
emotions, desires, and all the other things that need expressing. Linguistics
is the study of these knowledge systems in all their aspects.
Because
language is such a central feature of being a human, Linguistics has
intellectual connections and overlaps with many other disciplines in the
humanities, the social sciences, and the natural sciences. Some of the closest
connections are with Philosophy, Literature, Language Pedagogy, Psychology,
Sociology, Physics (acoustics), Biology (anatomy, neuroscience), Computer
Science, Computer Engineering, Health Sciences (Aphasia, Speech Therapy).
The main
purpose of the study of Linguistics in an academic environment is the
advancement of knowledge. However, because of the centrality of language in
human interaction and behavior, the knowledge gained through the study of
linguistics has many practical consequences and uses.
Linguistics is the study of language - how it is put together and how it
functions. Various building blocks of different types and sizes are combined to
make up a language. Sounds are brought together and sometimes when this
happens, they change their form and do interesting things. Words are arranged
in a certain order, and sometimes the beginnings and endings of the words are
changed to adjust the meaning. Then the meaning itself can be affected by the
arrangement of words and by the knowledge of the speaker about what the hearer
will understand. Linguistics is the study of all of this.
"Linguistics
is concerned with human language as a universal and recognizable part of human
behavior and of the human abilities." Raja T. Nasr (1984).
"Linguistics
is competence as being a persons potential to speak a language, and his or her
linguistics performance as the realization of that potential." Monica
Crabtree & Joyce Powers (1994).
There are
various branches of linguistics which are given their own name, some of which
are described below:
1. -General
linguistic, generally describes the concepts and categories of a particular
language or among all language. It also provides analyzed theory of the
language.
-Descriptive linguistic describes or gives the data to
confirm or refute the theory of particular language explained generally.
2. Micro linguistic is narrower
view. It is concerned internal view of language itself (structure of language
systems) without related to other sciences and without related how to apply it
in daily life. Some fields of micro linguistic:
-Phonetics
Phonetics is the study of the
sounds of speech. It includes understanding how sounds are made using the
mouth, nose, teeth and tongue, and also understanding how the ear hears those
sounds and can tell them apart. A study of phonetics involves practicing
producing (sometimes exotic) sounds, and figuring out which sound you heard.
The wave form of each sound can be analysed with the help of computer programs.
In sign language, phonetics refers to the the possible shapes, movements and
use of physical space.
-Phonology
Phonology makes use of
the phonetics in order to see how sounds or signs are arranged in a system for
each language. In phonology, it matters whether sounds are contrastive or not,
that is, whether substituting one sound for another gives a different, or
"contrastive," meaning. For example in English, [r] and [l] are two
different sounds - and the words "road" and "load" differ
according to which of these sounds is used. But in some languages, [r] and [l]
are variations of the same sound. They could never make a meaning difference in
words that differ by only that sound. Phonologists describe the contrastive
consonants and vowels in a language, and how pronunciation is affected by the
position of the sound in the word and the sounds that are nearby. They are also
interested in syllables, phrases, rhythm, tone, and intonation.
-Morphology
Morphology looks at how individual
words are formed from smaller chunks of meaningful units called morphemes. For
example, the English word 'untied' is really made up of three parts, one
refering to the process of reversing an action (un-), one indicating the action
of twisting stringlike things together so they stay (tie), and the last
indicating that the action happened in the past (-d). Many languages have a
much more complex way of putting words together. Morphology interacts in
important ways with both phonology (bringing sounds together can cause them to
change) and syntax, which needs to pay attention to the form of a word when it
combines it with other words.
-Syntax
Syntax is the study of
how phrases, clauses and sentences are constructed and combined in particular
languages. Writing a grammar requires defining the rules that govern the
structure of the sentences of the language. Such rules involve both the order
of words, and the form of words in their various possible positions. There are
common patterns among even unrelated languages, and many linguists believe this
is the result of general principles which apply to most, if not all, languages.
For example, languages where the direct object generally follows the verb have
a lot of things in common, in contrast to the things in common held by
languages in which the direct object generally precedes the verb.
-Semantic
Semantics
is the study of how meaning is conveyed through signs
and language. Linguistic
semantics focuses on the history of how words have been used in the past.
General semantics is about how people mean and refer in terms of likely intent
and assumptions. These three kinds of semantics: Formal, Historical, and
General-Semantics are studied in many different branches of science (methods of
studying meaning vary widely). Understanding how facial
expressions, body
language, and tone affect meaning, and how words, phrases, sentences,
and punctuation relate to meaning are examples of Semantics. Denotations are
the literal or primary meaning[s] of [a] word[s]. Connotations are ideas or
feelings that a word invokes for a person in addition to its literal or primary
meaning. During the 19th century, Philosopher John Stuart Mill defined semantic
meaning with the words "denotation" and "connotation".[2] The original
use of "meaning" as understood early in the 20th century occurred
through Lady Welby, after her daughter translated the term
"semantics" from French.
-Pragmatics
Pragmatics is the study
of how context affects meaning. The two primary forms of context important to
pragmatics are linguistic context and situation context.
þ Linguistic context is how meaning is understood
without relying on intent and assumptions. In applied pragmatics, for example,
meaning is formed through sensory experiences, even though sensory stimulus
cannot be easily articulated in language or signs. Pragmatics, then, reveals
that meaning is both something affected by and affecting the world. Meaning is
something contextual with respect to language and the world, and is also
something active toward other meanings and the world. Linguistic context becomes
important when looking at particular linguistic problems such as that of
pronouns.
þ Situation context refers to every non-linguistic
factor that affects the meaning of a phrase. An example of situation context
can be seen in the phrase "it's cold in here", which can either be a
simple statement of fact or a request to turn up the heat, depending on, among
other things, whether or not it is believed to be in the listener's power to
affect the temperature.
-Discourse
analysis
Discourse analysis looks
at bigger chunks of language - texts, conversations, stories, speeches, etc.
Different types of these use language differently, and there can even be
differences in how a language is used based on the genre. For example,
"Once upon a time" is an appropriate start to a fairy tale, but not
to a news story on the evening news. Discourse features can also show important
principles of organization such as which players in a story have key roles and
which just have bit parts.
3. Macro linguistic is broadest view of
language. It is concerned external view of language itself with related to
other sciences and how to apply it in daily life. Some fields of micro
linguistic:
-Historical
Linguistics
Historical Linguistics is the
study of how languages have changed over time. Some changes happen because of
slow (maybe incremental) changes within the language, such as in pronunciation
or in the meaning of a word. Other changes happen because of contact with
speakers of other languages. The most well know example of this is
"borrowing," but language contact can cause other types of change as
well. It can be interesting to compare phonology, syntax and word lists
of similar or geographically close languages to see how similar they
are. Some linguists then use this information to figure out the past of the
languages, such as when two languages split from each other. Combined with
other known facts about the speakers of the language, it can lead to important
discoveries about their history.
-Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics is the study of society and language. Sociolinguists may use
surveys to examine in which contexts a language is used (e.g. market, home,
school, workplace) and the attitudes to each language (particularly in
multilingual contexts). They may look at ways that variation in a particular
language correlates with social factors such as speaker age, ethnic identity,
location, etc.
CONCLUDING
:
As
we are learn language, we learn to classify. In linguistics, we use language to
classify language and this is by no means an easy task. However scientific we
may try to be, we carry to our study many of the experiences and attitudes we
absorbed as we acquired our mother tongue. Because of this we can never be as
objective about language as we can be about the objects we classify by means of
language.
Thanks for your attention all, thanks for read my blog
and don't forget to comments okeeeyyyy....🙂😂😂
SEE YOUUUU NEXT
TIME AND BYEE-BYEEE😀😄😂😽😽
